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geo-ontology [2016/05/17 20:55]
gilberto
geo-ontology [2016/08/10 19:32] (current)
gilberto
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-===== Geospatial Ontology: ​ISAO 2016 =====+===== Geospatial Ontology: ​An Introduction ​=====
  
-This short course is part of the 2016 International School for Applied Ontology. 
  
 === Outline === === Outline ===
  
-Ontologies of the geographic world are important to allow the sharing of geographic ​data among different ​communities ​of usersA geo-ontology provides a description of geographical entities, which can be conceptualised in two different views of the world. ​The field view considers spatial ​data to be set of continuous ​distributions. The object view conceives the world as occupied by discreteidentifiable entitiesThese entities are not merely located in spacethey are tied intrinsically ​to space. To properly capture changesit is also necessary to describe events ​and processesThe lectures present a general overview ​of the main trends in Geospatial Ontologydiscussing the concepts ​of //objects////fields// and //events// for representation ​of geographical phenomenaThe course ​also highlights the specific area of land use and land cover ontology.+What we call "​geographical ​data" includes ​different ​kinds of dataWe observe ​the natural ​world when we get data about topography, landscapes, the oceans and the atmosphereSometimes we represent ​data from nature as a continuous ​variationas when we build digital terrain modelsIn other situationswe give names to natural featuresas when we say "Mont Blanc"​. ​ We also create geographical reality, as when we draw boundaries of countries ​and of land parcelsWe also measure facts of the social worldwhen we take a census and locate crimes. We also build continuous distributions out of social realitye.g., when we create maps of disease incidence in a countryWe also observe ​and detect change in the geographical world, as when we map new deforested areas
  
  
-=== 1Describing socially-agreed ​entities: Geographical Objects === +Ontologies of the geographic world are important to allow the sharing of geographic data among different communities of usersA geo-ontology provides a description of geographical ​entities, which can be conceptualised in two different views of the worldThe //field// view considers spatial data to be a set of continuous distributionsThe //object// view conceives the world as occupied by discrete, identifiable entitiesObjects ​and fields are not merely located in space, they are tied intrinsically to spaceHoweverto properly represent changesit is also necessary to describe concepts that convey the dynamics of spatial phenomenaThe notions of events ​and processes are useful to explicitly include the temporal dimension. The lectures present a general overview of the main trends in Geospatial Ontologydiscussing the concepts of //objects//, //fields// and //events// for representation of geographical phenomenaThe course also highlights ​the specific area of land use and land cover ontologyan area of considerable importance ​for geospatial ontology research.
-Lecture: [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/gilberto/cursos/isao2016/lecture-objects-isao2016.pptx|Geographical Objects]] +
-  * Barry Smith and David Mark, [[http://www.dpi.inpe.br/gilberto/references/​SmithMark_SDH1998.pdf| Ontology ​and geographic kinds]]ProceedingsInternational Symposium on Spatial Data HandlingVancouver, Canada, 1998. +
-  * Barry Smith and David Mark[[http://www.dpi.inpe.br/gilberto/references/​smith_mark_geographical_categories.pdf| Geographical categories: an ontological investigation]]. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 15(7)591-612,​ 2001. +
-  * Barry Smith and David Mark[[http://www.dpi.inpe.br/gilberto/references/​smith_mark_mountains.pdf|"​Do mountains exist? Towards an ontology of landforms"​]]. Environment ​and Planning B: Planning and Design 30(3):​411–427,​ 2003. +
-  * Antony Galton, [[http://www.dpi.inpe.br/gilberto/references/​galton_boundaries.pdf|"​On ​the ontological status ​of geographical boundaries"​]]. In Matt Duckham, Michael F. Goodchild ​and Michael F. Worboys (eds.)Foundations ​of Geographic Information Science, Taylor and Francis, 2003, pages 151-171. +
-  * Edward Robinson, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​robinson_boundaries.pdf|"​Reexamining fiat, bona fide and force dynamic boundaries ​for geopolitical entities and their placement in DOLCE."​]]. Applied Ontology 7.1 (2012): 93-108. +
-  * Fred Fonseca, Max Egenhofer, Peggy Agouris, Gilberto Camara, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​papers/​fonseca_tgis_2002.pdf|Ontologies for Integrated GIS]]. Transactions on GIS, 6(3):​231-257,​ 2002.+
  
-Assignment: [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​cursos/​isao2016/​assignment_objects.pdf|An essay on “Ontology of Geographical Objects”]] (optional) 
  
-=== 2Describing ​the natural world: Geographical fields === +The beauty and the challenge of Geoinformatics is that there are a relatively small set of data structures that are able to represent different types of geographical dataThis representational power has enabled software engineers to develop ​the technology of geographical information systemsThe challenge is to understand both the data structures ​and the semantics ​of the information they representThis course is then focused on discussing the semantics of geographical data, as well as the links between such semantics and the associated computer representationWhen they complete the coursewe expect that students should be able to understand the different types of geographical data and how they are represented ​in computers.
-Lecture: [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​cursos/​isao2016/​lecture-fields-isao2016.pptx|Fields]] +
-  * Helen Couclelis, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​couclelis_1992_objects_fields.pdf|"​People manipulate objects (but cultivate fields): Beyond ​the raster-vector debate in GIS"​]]. In: Frank, A., Campari, I., Formentini, U. (eds.) Theories ​and Methods ​of Spatio-Temporal Reasoning in Geographic SpaceLNCSvol. 639. Springer, 1992. +
-  * Gilberto Camara, Max Egenhofer, Karine Ferreira, Pedro Andrade, Gilberto Queiroz, Alber Sanchez, Jim Jones, Lubia Vinhas, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​papers/​camara_fields_giscience2014.pdf|"​Fields ​as a Generic Type for Big Spatial Data"​]]GIScience 2014 Conference. +
-  * Karen Kemp[[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​kemp_fields.pdf|"​Fields as a framework for integrating GIS and environmental process models"​]]. Transactions ​in GIS 1(3):​219–234,​ 1996.+
  
-Assignment 2: [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​cursos/​isao2016/​assignment_fields.pdf|An essay on “Ontology of Geographical Fields”]] (optional)+==== Motivation ====
  
-=== 3Describing changes ​in our world: Dynamic spatial ontologies === +The motivation for this course came from the need to establish a set of foundational concepts to the field of GeoinformaticsTo do this, we will examine reference papers published ​in the literature that are relevant to Geoinformatics researchers and practicioners.
-Lecture: [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​cursos/​isao2016/​lecture-change-isao2016.pptx|Dynamic Spatial Ontologies]]+
  
-  * Andrew Frank, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​frank_spatio_temporal_ontology.pdf| "​Ontology for Spatio-temporal Databases"​]]. In Spatio-Temporal Databases: The Chorochronos Approach (Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2520), edited by Manoulis Koubarakis and Timos Sellis, 9-78. Berlin: Springer-Verlag,​ 2003. +==== Outline ====
-  * Mike Worboys, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​worboys_ijgis2003event.pdf|Event-oriented approaches to geographic phenomena]]. International Journal of Geographical Information Science 19(1):1-28, 2005. +
-  * Antony Galton, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​galton_fields_objects_space_time.pdf|"​Fields and Objects in Space, Time, and Space-time"​]]. Spatial Cognition and Computation,​ 4(1):39-68, 2004.  +
-  * Antony Galton & Riichiro Mizoguchi,​[[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​galton_waterfall.pdf|"​The Water Falls but the Waterfall does not Fall: New perspectives on Objects, Processes and Events"​]]. Applied Ontology, 4(2):​71—107,​ 2009. +
-  * Grenon, P. & Smith, B.,​[[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​smith_snap_span.pdf|SNAP and SPAN: Towards dynamic spatial ontology]]. Spatial Cognition and Computation,​ 4(1), 69--104, 2004. +
-  * Karine Ferreira, Gilberto Camara, Miguel Monteiro, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​papers/​stalgebra_tgis.pdf|"​An algebra for spatiotemporal data: from observations to events"​]]. Transactions in GIS,​18(2):​253–269,​2014.+
  
-Assignment 3[[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​cursos/​isao2016/​assignment_change.pdf|An essay on “Dynamic Spatial Ontology”]] (optional)+The course is organised on the following main topics:
  
-=== 4Combining ​the natural and social ​perspectivesLand cover and land use ontologies === +  - What is Geoinformatics?​ General definitionsLinking computer representations to geographical data. General examples. 
-Lecture: [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​cursos/​isao2016/​lecture-ontology-lucc-isao2016.pptx|Land Use and Land Cover Ontology]] +  - Geometries for representing ​the social ​worldpoints, lines and polygonsTopological relations
-    * Chazdon, R. L., Brancalion, P. H., et al., [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​Chadzon_ForestDefinitions_Ambio2016.pdf| ​ When is a forest a forest? Forest concepts and definitions in the era of forest and landscape restoration]]. Ambio, 1--13, 2016.  +  - Representing ​the worldputting ​the Earth into a computerLocation as a key property ​of the world
-    * Comber, A. J., Wadsworth, R., & Fisher, P., [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​Comber_ForestSemantics_JLUS2008.pdf| Using semantics to clarify ​the conceptual confusion between land cover and land use: the example of ‘forest’]]Journal ​of Land Use Science, 3(2-3), 185--198, 2008+  - Representing ​the social worldgeneration geographical reality with our laws and social arrangementsThe role of boundaries. Creating ​(fiatobjectsThe need for maintaining identity of objects ​of the social world. 
-    * Ahlqvist, O. [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​Ahlqvist_LCCS_EnvPlan2008.pdf|In search of classification that supports ​the dynamics of sciencethe FAO Land Cover Classification System ​and proposed modifications]]Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 35(1), 169--186, 2008. +  - Describing the natural worldpart Iassigning namesidentities ​and (bona fideboundaries to places ​and features of the world and to living beingsThe inherent ambiguity ​of "​places"​.  
-    * Martin Herold, Curtis E Woodcock, Antonio Di Gregorio, Philippe Mayaux, Alan S Belward, John Latham, Christiane C Schmullius, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​herold_lccs.pdf| A joint initiative ​for harmonization and validation ​of land cover datasets]]IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing44(7):1719-17272006. +  - Describing the natural worldpart 2measuring properties of the world as continuous distributionsFields as a general data type for measuring the world. 
-    * Herold, M., Hubald, R., & Di Gregorio, A. [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​herold_translation_acs_corine_umd_igbp_to_lccs.pdf|Translating ​and evaluating land cover legends using the UN Land Cover Classification System ​(LCCS)]]. GOGC-GOLD Report, 43, 2008.  +  ​Describing change: the concepts of trajectoriesmoving objects, and events.
-    * Louisa Jansen, Geoff Groom and Giancarlo Carrai, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​jansen_land_cover_harmonisation.pdf| Land-cover harmonisation ​and semantic similarity: some methodological issues]]Journal ​of Land Use Science, 3(2–3):​131–160,​ 2008.  +
-    * FonsecaF., Câmara, G., & Miguel Monteiro, A.,[[http://www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​Fonseca_Camara_MeasuringInteroperability_SCC2003.pdf|A framework ​for measuring the interoperability of geo-ontologies]]Spatial Cognition and Computation,​ 6(4), 309--3312006.+
  
-Assignment 4: [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​cursos/​isao2016/​assignment_lucc.pdf|An essay on Land Use and Land Cover Ontologies”]] (optional)+===== Course Offerings ===== 
 + 
 +This course has been offered at different venues: 
 + 
 +  * [[isao2016 ​| 2016 International School for Applied Ontology]]. 
 +  * [[geo-ontology-inpe2016 ​INPE Advanced Research Seminar, 2016]]
  
-=== 5. In Search of a General Theory for Geospatial Ontologies === 
-Lecture: [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​cursos/​isao2016/​lecture-axiomatic-theory-isao2016.pptx|Axiomatic Theory]] 
-  * Galton, A. (2015). [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​Galton_ProcessesEvents_COSIT2015.pdf|Outline of a Formal Theory of Processes and Events, and Why GIScience Needs One]]. In COSIT 2015 (pp. 3--22), 2015. 
-  * Mike Goodchild, May Yuan, & Tom Cova, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​goodchild_general_theory_ijgis_2007.pdf|"​Towards a general theory of geographic representation in GIS"​]]. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 21(3), pp.239-260, 2007. 
-  * Werner Kuhn, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​kuhn_ijgis_2012.pdf|"​Core concepts of spatial information for transdisciplinary research"​]]. International Journal of Geographic Information Science vol.26(12), 2012.  
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