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 === 2. Vector Geometries and Qualitative Spatial Reasoning ==== === 2. Vector Geometries and Qualitative Spatial Reasoning ====
-Lecture: [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​cursos/​intro-geoinfo-2016/​lecture-vector-geometries.ppt|Vector Geometries and Topologies]] ​+Lecture: [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​cursos/​intro-geoinfo-2016/​lecture-topology.ppt|Topologies ​and QSR]] 
   * Max Egenhofer and Robert Franzosa, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​egenhofer_point_set.pdf|"​Point-Set Topological Spatial Relations"​]],​ International Journal of Geographical Information Systems 5 (2): 161-174, 1991.   * Max Egenhofer and Robert Franzosa, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​egenhofer_point_set.pdf|"​Point-Set Topological Spatial Relations"​]],​ International Journal of Geographical Information Systems 5 (2): 161-174, 1991.
 +  * Max Egenhofer and John Herring, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​egenhofer_binary_topological_relations.pdf|"​Categorizing Binary Topological Relations Between Regions,​Lines,​ and Points in Geographic Databases"​]],​ NCGIA Report, 1994.
   * Eliseo Clementini, Paolino Di Felice, Peter van Oosterom, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​clementini_topological_relations.pdf|"​A small set of formal topological relationships suitable for end-user interaction"​]]. Advances in Spatial Databases, Lecture Notes in Computer Science Volume 692:​277-295,​ 1993.    * Eliseo Clementini, Paolino Di Felice, Peter van Oosterom, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​clementini_topological_relations.pdf|"​A small set of formal topological relationships suitable for end-user interaction"​]]. Advances in Spatial Databases, Lecture Notes in Computer Science Volume 692:​277-295,​ 1993. 
   * Anthony Cohn, Brandon Bennett, John Gooday, Nicholas Gotts,​[[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​cohn_qualitative_1997.pdf|"​Qualitative Spatial Representation and Reasoning with the Region Connection Calculus"​]]. GeoInformatica,​ 1(3):​275-316,​ 1997.   * Anthony Cohn, Brandon Bennett, John Gooday, Nicholas Gotts,​[[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​cohn_qualitative_1997.pdf|"​Qualitative Spatial Representation and Reasoning with the Region Connection Calculus"​]]. GeoInformatica,​ 1(3):​275-316,​ 1997.
-  ​* Max Egenhofer, Jayant Sharma, David Mark, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​max_comparison_4_9_intersection.pdf|"​A Critical Comparison of 4-intersection and 9-intersection models for spatial relations"​]]. In Autocarto 11, 1993. +  * Eliseo Clementini, Paolino Di Felice, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​clementini_comparison.pdf|"A comparison of methods for representing topological relationships"​]],​ Information Sciences, 3(3):​149–178,​ 1995.
-  ​* Eliseo Clementini, Paolino Di Felice, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​clementini_comparison.pdf"|A comparison of methods for representing topological relationships"​]],​ Information Sciences, 3(3):​149–178,​ 1995.+
  
 Assignment 1: [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​cursos/​intro-geoinfo-2016/​assignment_1_2016.pdf|An essay on “Topological Operations on 2D Space for Geographical Applications”]] (firm deadline: 26 July 2016 - 9h00) Assignment 1: [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​cursos/​intro-geoinfo-2016/​assignment_1_2016.pdf|An essay on “Topological Operations on 2D Space for Geographical Applications”]] (firm deadline: 26 July 2016 - 9h00)
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 Suggested Reading: ​ Suggested Reading: ​
   * Barry Smith and David Mark, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​SmithMark_SDH1998.pdf| Ontology and geographic kinds]]. Proceedings,​ International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling, Vancouver, Canada, 1998.   * Barry Smith and David Mark, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​SmithMark_SDH1998.pdf| Ontology and geographic kinds]]. Proceedings,​ International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling, Vancouver, Canada, 1998.
-  * Barry Smith and David Mark, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​smith_mark_geographical_categories.pdf| Geographical categories: an ontological investigation]]. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 15(7)591-612,​ 2001. 
   * Barry Smith and David Mark, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​smith_mark_mountains.pdf|"​Do mountains exist? Towards an ontology of landforms"​]]. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 30(3):​411–427,​ 2003.   * Barry Smith and David Mark, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​smith_mark_mountains.pdf|"​Do mountains exist? Towards an ontology of landforms"​]]. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 30(3):​411–427,​ 2003.
   * Antony Galton, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​galton_boundaries.pdf|"​On the ontological status of geographical boundaries"​]]. In Matt Duckham, Michael F. Goodchild and Michael F. Worboys (eds.), Foundations of Geographic Information Science, Taylor and Francis, 2003, pages 151-171.   * Antony Galton, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​galton_boundaries.pdf|"​On the ontological status of geographical boundaries"​]]. In Matt Duckham, Michael F. Goodchild and Michael F. Worboys (eds.), Foundations of Geographic Information Science, Taylor and Francis, 2003, pages 151-171.
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 Suggested Reading: Suggested Reading:
   * Helen Couclelis, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​couclelis_1992_objects_fields.pdf|"​People manipulate objects (but cultivate fields): Beyond the raster-vector debate in GIS"​]]. In: Frank, A., Campari, I., Formentini, U. (eds.) Theories and Methods of Spatio-Temporal Reasoning in Geographic Space. LNCS, vol. 639. Springer, 1992.   * Helen Couclelis, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​couclelis_1992_objects_fields.pdf|"​People manipulate objects (but cultivate fields): Beyond the raster-vector debate in GIS"​]]. In: Frank, A., Campari, I., Formentini, U. (eds.) Theories and Methods of Spatio-Temporal Reasoning in Geographic Space. LNCS, vol. 639. Springer, 1992.
 +  * Karen Kemp, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​kemp_fields.pdf|"​Fields as a framework for integrating GIS and environmental process models"​]]. Transactions in GIS 1(3):​219–234,​ 1996.
 +  * Karine Ferreira, Gilberto Camara, Miguel Monteiro, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​papers/​stalgebra_tgis.pdf|"​An algebra for spatiotemporal data: from observations to events"​]]. Transactions in GIS,​18(2):​253–269,​2014.
   * Gilberto Camara, Max Egenhofer, Karine Ferreira, Pedro Andrade, Gilberto Queiroz, Alber Sanchez, Jim Jones, Lubia Vinhas, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​papers/​camara_fields_giscience2014.pdf|"​Fields as a Generic Type for Big Spatial Data"​]]. GIScience 2014 Conference.   * Gilberto Camara, Max Egenhofer, Karine Ferreira, Pedro Andrade, Gilberto Queiroz, Alber Sanchez, Jim Jones, Lubia Vinhas, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​papers/​camara_fields_giscience2014.pdf|"​Fields as a Generic Type for Big Spatial Data"​]]. GIScience 2014 Conference.
-  * Karine Ferreira, Gilberto Camara, Miguel Monteiro, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​papers/​stalgebra_tgis.pdf|"​An algebra for spatiotemporal data: from observations to events"​]]. Transactions in GIS,​18(2):​253–269,​2014. 
-  * Karen Kemp, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​kemp_fields.pdf|"​Fields as a framework for integrating GIS and environmental process models"​]]. Transactions in GIS 1(3):​219–234,​ 1996. 
  
 Assignment 3: [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​cursos/​intro-geoinfo-2016/​assignment_3_2016.pdf|An essay on “Geographical Fields”]] (firm deadline: 28 July 2015 - 9h00) Assignment 3: [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​cursos/​intro-geoinfo-2016/​assignment_3_2016.pdf|An essay on “Geographical Fields”]] (firm deadline: 28 July 2015 - 9h00)
  
  
-=== 4. Describing changes in our world: Dynamic spatial ontologies === +=== 5. Describing changes in our world: Dynamic spatial ontologies === 
-Lecture: [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​cursos/​intro-geoinfo-2016/​lecture-change.pptx|Dynamic Spatial Ontologies]]+Lecture: [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​cursos/​intro-geoinfo-2016/​lecture-change.pptx|Describing change in geographical spaces]]
  
 Suggested reading: Suggested reading:
  
-  * Andrew Frank, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​frank_spatio_temporal_ontology.pdf| "​Ontology for Spatio-temporal Databases"​]]. In Spatio-Temporal Databases: The Chorochronos Approach (Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2520), edited by Manoulis Koubarakis and Timos Sellis, 9-78. Berlin: Springer-Verlag,​ 2003. 
   * Mike Worboys, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​worboys_ijgis2003event.pdf|Event-oriented approaches to geographic phenomena]]. International Journal of Geographical Information Science 19(1):1-28, 2005.   * Mike Worboys, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​worboys_ijgis2003event.pdf|Event-oriented approaches to geographic phenomena]]. International Journal of Geographical Information Science 19(1):1-28, 2005.
   * Antony Galton, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​galton_fields_objects_space_time.pdf|"​Fields and Objects in Space, Time, and Space-time"​]]. Spatial Cognition and Computation,​ 4(1):39-68, 2004.    * Antony Galton, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​galton_fields_objects_space_time.pdf|"​Fields and Objects in Space, Time, and Space-time"​]]. Spatial Cognition and Computation,​ 4(1):39-68, 2004. 
-  * Antony Galton & Riichiro Mizoguchi,​[[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​galton_waterfall.pdf|"The Water Falls but the Waterfall does not Fall: New perspectives on Objects, Processes ​and Events"​]]. ​Applied Ontology, 4(2):71—107, 2009+  * Peter Hacker, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​hacker_events_objects_time.pdf|"Events ​and objects in space and time"​]]. ​Mind 91.361 ​(1982): 1-19
-  * Grenon, P. & Smith, B.,​[[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/smith_snap_span.pdf|SNAP and SPANTowards dynamic spatial ontology]]. Spatial Cognition ​and Computation,​ 4(1), 69--104, 2004.+  * Gilberto Camara, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​present/lecture-fois2016-gcamara.pptx|"​Geographical ontologies for land use and land cover changedistinguishing continuants from occurents"​]]. Formal Ontologies ​and Information Systems Conference ​(FOIS2016. AnnecyFrance, July 2016. 
 +Assignment 4: [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​cursos/​intro-geoinfo-2016/​assignment_4_2016.pdf|An essay on “Space and time in GIS”]] (firm deadline: 29 July 2016 - 9h00)
  
-Assignment 5: [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​cursos/​intro-geoinfo-2016/​assignment_4_2016.pdf|An essay on “Dynamic Spatial Ontologies”]] (firm deadline: 29 July 2016 - 9h00) +=== 6. In Search of a General Theory for Geospatial Ontologies === 
- +Lecture: [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​cursos/​intro-geoinfo-2016/lecture-GIS-theory.pptx|Theory ​of Geospatial Ontologies]]
- +
-=== 4. Combining the natural and social perspectives:​ Land cover and land use ontologies === +
-Lecture: [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​cursos/​isao2016/​lecture-ontology-lucc-isao2016.pptx|Land Use and Land Cover Ontology]] +
- +
-SUggested reading: +
-    * Robin Chazdon ​ et al., [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​Chadzon_ForestDefinitions_Ambio2016.pdf| ​ When is a forest a forest? Forest concepts and definitions in the era of forest and landscape restoration]]. Ambio, 1--13, 2016.  +
-    * Alex Comber, Wadsworth, R., & Fisher, P., [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​Comber_ForestSemantics_JLUS2008.pdf| Using semantics to clarify the conceptual confusion between land cover and land use: the example of ‘forest’]]. Journal of Land Use Science, 3(2-3), 185--198, 2008. +
-    * Ohla Ahlqvist, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​Ahlqvist_LCCS_EnvPlan2008.pdf|In search of classification that supports the dynamics of science: the FAO Land Cover Classification System and proposed modifications]]. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 35(1), 169--186, 2008. +
-    * Martin Herold, Curtis E Woodcock, Antonio Di Gregorio, Philippe Mayaux, Alan S Belward, John Latham, Christiane C Schmullius, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​herold_lccs.pdf| A joint initiative for harmonization and validation of land cover datasets]]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 44(7):​1719-1727,​ 2006. +
-    * Martin Herold, Robert Hubald, Antonio Di Gregorio,​[[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​herold_translation_acs_corine_umd_igbp_to_lccs.pdf|Translating and evaluating land cover legends using the UN Land Cover Classification System (LCCS)]]. GOGC-GOLD Report, 43, 2008.  +
-    * Louisa Jansen, Geoff Groom and Giancarlo Carrai, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​jansen_land_cover_harmonisation.pdf| Land-cover harmonisation and semantic similarity: some methodological issues]]. Journal of Land Use Science, 3(2–3):​131–160,​ 2008.  +
-    * Fred Fonseca, Gilberto Câmara, Miguel Monteiro, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​Fonseca_Camara_MeasuringInteroperability_SCC2003.pdf|A framework for measuring the interoperability of geo-ontologies]]. Spatial Cognition and Computation, ​6(4), 309--331, 2006. +
- +
-[[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​cursos/​isao2016/​reading_lucc.pdf|Questions to Ponder]] +
- +
-=== 5. In Search of a General Theory for Geospatial Ontologies === +
-Lecture: [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​cursos/​isao2016/lecture-axiomatic-theory-isao2016.pptx|Axiomatic ​Theory]]+
  
 Suggested reading: Suggested reading:
-  * Antony Galton,​[[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​Galton_ProcessesEvents_COSIT2015.pdf|Outline ​of a Formal Theory ​of Processes and Eventsand Why GIScience Needs One]]. In COSIT 2015 (pp3--22)2015.+  * Werner Kuhn, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​kuhn_ijgis_2012.pdf|"Core concepts ​of spatial information for transdisciplinary research"​]]. International Journal ​of Geographic Information Science vol.26(12)2012.  
 +  * Andrew Frank, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​frank_spatio_temporal_ontology.pdf| "​Ontology for Spatio-temporal Databases"​]]. In Spatio-Temporal Databases: The Chorochronos Approach ​(Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2520), edited by Manoulis Koubarakis and Timos Sellis, 9-78Berlin: Springer-Verlag2003.
   * Mike Goodchild, May Yuan, & Tom Cova, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​goodchild_general_theory_ijgis_2007.pdf|"​Towards a general theory of geographic representation in GIS"​]]. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 21(3), pp.239-260, 2007.   * Mike Goodchild, May Yuan, & Tom Cova, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/​goodchild_general_theory_ijgis_2007.pdf|"​Towards a general theory of geographic representation in GIS"​]]. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 21(3), pp.239-260, 2007.
-  * Werner Kuhn, [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​references/kuhn_ijgis_2012.pdf|"Core concepts ​of spatial information for transdisciplinary research"​]]. International Journal of Geographic Information Science vol.26(12), 2012. + 
 +Assignment 5: [[http://​www.dpi.inpe.br/​gilberto/​cursos/intro-geoinfo-2016/​assignment_5_2016.pdf|An essay on “Core Concepts ​of Geoinformatics”]] (firm deadline: 14 August 2016 - midnight)
  
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